The sound
The sound: it is external factor that affect the ears causes the sensation
Of hearing.
* Sound produce due to vibration of object.
The Sources of sound:
1-human speech
2- Animal by communication
3- Plants
4- Natural phenomena.
5- Different object as TV, radio
The sound properties
1- Sound travels in form of spherical waves
Its center is the vibrated body.
2- Sound travels through solid, liquid And gases
3- Sound waves move in form of compression And rarefaction.
4- Astronauts use wire less devices to talk
On the Moon Due to absent of medium
5- Sound doesn’t travel through vacuum (Space)
Because it need medium.
Noise pollution
Noise: it is any loud sound annoy us
The source of noise pollution:
1- Loud speaker 2- factories 3- car horns
4- Metallic work shops 5- aero planes
The effect of noise pollution:
1- difficulty of talking
2- complete or partly deafness
3- inability to sleep
4- reduce production
5- nervous system stress
The light
Light: it is external factors that affect the eyes causes Sensation of vision.
*Al – Hassan Ibn Al haitham: is the first Arabic scientist who explain
The vision occurs due to falling of Light On object and reflects
To the eye causing the vision.
Source of light:
1-natural sources: as sun and stars
2-Artificial sources:
as electric lamp – Kerosene lamp – candle – fire – torch.
The properties of light
1-light travel in straight line
*the image inverted when light passes through narrow hole
*formation of shadow due to passing light in straight line
2-Light reflect: light reflect when it falls on plane mirror.
3-light refract: light refract when it pass from transparent Medium to another transparent medium.
4-Light analysis and form spectrum colour.
* The light splits into seven colours called spectrum colour.
Which are: red – orange – yellow- green – blue –indigo -Violet
*rain bow: it appears in the sky after rain fall due to analysis of light.
What are the properties of light ?
The Heat
. Heat: It is a form of energy that causes the sensation of heat or coldness
*heat transfer from hot body to cold body
Example: heat transfer from a cub of tea to your hand
*Heat transfer from your hand to a piece of ice.
*the sun is the main source of heat on the earth surface.
Source of heat:
1-friction الاحتكاك : generate heat
2-Burningالاشغال :generate heat
3-Hammeringالطرق generate heat
4-Passing electric current in wire مرور تيار كهربى فى سلك
* through electricity .
The importance of heat
1-for cooking
2-necessary for our body
3- evaporation
4- melting
Method of transfer heat
1- Conduction: It is the transfer of heat through solids from the part of higher temperature to that of lower temperature. by conduction
* the molecule of solid substance doesn’t transfer .
Example: heat transfer through a bar of iron or spoon.
2- Convection: It is the transfer of heat through liquids and gases from the part of higher temperature to that of lower temperature by the movement of the molecules of substance by convection.
Example : heat transfer through glass of water
* the movement of saw dust from down to up .
3- Radiation: It is a way by which the heat is transferred through gases and space by radiation.
Example : the sun rays transfer to the earth by radiation
• heat transfer from heater by convection and radiation .
The effect of heat on solid, liquid and gases
Solid: expand by heat and contract by cooling
Example : ring and ball
Expand : increase in size of the body .
Contract : decrease in size of body
Application on expand solid
1-not stretching electric cables to prevent cutting it when it contract in winter
2-leaving space between section of railway tracks To prevent them from
Bending and buckling
3-leave space in frame of bridge
to prevent them from collapsing .
*Liquid expand by heating and contract by cooling.
-we measure the temperature by using thermometer
-the idea which thermometer made is expanding liquid by heating and contracting them by cooling .
The clinical thermometer: it is a device used to measure the temperature of patient.
* Its graduation from 35 C0 to 42 C0
* It consists of: graduated glass, capillary tube and glass Bulb
*There is constriction in clinical thermometer to prevent mercury to return to the bulb.
The Celsius thermometer: it used to measure the temperature of liquid .
-its scale begins from zero to 100 C0or 200 C0
Method measure temperature of patient.
1- Sterilize thermometer.
2- shake thermometer to force mercury to bulb
3- put thermometer under tongue one minute
4- read it
5- sterilize it again
Heat conductors and heat insulators
Heat conductors : they are materials that are
Good conductor to heat .
Examples : iron – copper – silver – Aluminium
*heat conductors are used in making cooking pots and tea boilers
Heat insulators : they are materials that are bad Conductors to heat .
Examples : wood – plastic – glass – clothes
heat insulators are used in making hands of cooking pots and hands of tea boilers – clothe
The electric current
The electric current: it is a flow of electric charge
That path from one end of wire to the other.
The electric circuit: it is a closed path through which
Electric charges pass making complete cycle.
The components of electric circuit:
1- dry cell ( battery )
2- lamp
3- closed key ( switch )
4- open switch
Sources of electric current
1- dry cell ( battery )
2- Electric generator (dynamo) .
The dry cell : it change chemical energy to electric energy
The dry cell consists of
1- negative pole : consists of Zinc case ( - )
2- positive pole : consists of Carbon rod
Surrounding by manganese dioxide powder ( )
3- moist paste ( electrolyte ) : consists of
Ionized salts from ammonium chloride, zinc chloride and starch.
*Electrolyte connects between the two poles.
*Dry cell damage if it left long time because it loses its moisture. And become dry.
*Dry cell damage if it used along time because it's chemical components weak and stops.
*Dry cell change chemical energy to electric energy.
*Dry cell used in children toys, radio, watch, torch.
Use of electricity at home
• light bulb : change electric energy into light and heat energy .
• the light bulb consists of :
1-glass bulb : it is made of glass
• the glass bulb filled with inert gases to prevent burning the filament of bulb
2-The filament: it is made of tungsten wire which has high melting point.
3-two thick copper wire
4-two piece of lead fixed on base
The electric iron
The electric iron consists of :
1- heat element : it made of nichrome ( nickel chrome )
* the heat element put between mica sheet ( flak )
To insulate it from iron body
2- iron body : it is flat metal and plastic hand
3- the thermostat : it called regulator or controller
* it regulate the temperature of clothes according to type of cloth
* stop electric current from heat element .
The Fuse
The fuse : it is a device protect appliances from damage and homes from fire .
• the fuse used in domestic electrical equipment as Tv , radio ……
• the importance of fuse : protecting applaiances from damage that when current increase above than normal .
• when uncovered parts of connecting wire touch each other the wire become hot and cause electric shock .
• the structure of fuse :
1- a piece of ceramic ( porcelain )
2- two cracked copper slide
3- thin wire of lead
safe use electric for personal .
1- don’t touch uncover parts
2- don’t put your hand inside radio or television when it plugged in .don't put metal in source of electric .
Safe for home and appliances.
1- Unplugged appliances which shut off.
2- sure that appliances switched off before plugged
3- replace damage wire with new ones .
4- before replace fuse find out the reason for damage
to avoid repeating the same problem .
The sound: it is external factor that affect the ears causes the sensation
Of hearing.
* Sound produce due to vibration of object.
The Sources of sound:
1-human speech
2- Animal by communication
3- Plants
4- Natural phenomena.
5- Different object as TV, radio
The sound properties
1- Sound travels in form of spherical waves
Its center is the vibrated body.
2- Sound travels through solid, liquid And gases
3- Sound waves move in form of compression And rarefaction.
4- Astronauts use wire less devices to talk
On the Moon Due to absent of medium
5- Sound doesn’t travel through vacuum (Space)
Because it need medium.
Noise pollution
Noise: it is any loud sound annoy us
The source of noise pollution:
1- Loud speaker 2- factories 3- car horns
4- Metallic work shops 5- aero planes
The effect of noise pollution:
1- difficulty of talking
2- complete or partly deafness
3- inability to sleep
4- reduce production
5- nervous system stress
The light
Light: it is external factors that affect the eyes causes Sensation of vision.
*Al – Hassan Ibn Al haitham: is the first Arabic scientist who explain
The vision occurs due to falling of Light On object and reflects
To the eye causing the vision.
Source of light:
1-natural sources: as sun and stars
2-Artificial sources:
as electric lamp – Kerosene lamp – candle – fire – torch.
The properties of light
1-light travel in straight line
*the image inverted when light passes through narrow hole
*formation of shadow due to passing light in straight line
2-Light reflect: light reflect when it falls on plane mirror.
3-light refract: light refract when it pass from transparent Medium to another transparent medium.
4-Light analysis and form spectrum colour.
* The light splits into seven colours called spectrum colour.
Which are: red – orange – yellow- green – blue –indigo -Violet
*rain bow: it appears in the sky after rain fall due to analysis of light.
What are the properties of light ?
The Heat
. Heat: It is a form of energy that causes the sensation of heat or coldness
*heat transfer from hot body to cold body
Example: heat transfer from a cub of tea to your hand
*Heat transfer from your hand to a piece of ice.
*the sun is the main source of heat on the earth surface.
Source of heat:
1-friction الاحتكاك : generate heat
2-Burningالاشغال :generate heat
3-Hammeringالطرق generate heat
4-Passing electric current in wire مرور تيار كهربى فى سلك
* through electricity .
The importance of heat
1-for cooking
2-necessary for our body
3- evaporation
4- melting
Method of transfer heat
1- Conduction: It is the transfer of heat through solids from the part of higher temperature to that of lower temperature. by conduction
* the molecule of solid substance doesn’t transfer .
Example: heat transfer through a bar of iron or spoon.
2- Convection: It is the transfer of heat through liquids and gases from the part of higher temperature to that of lower temperature by the movement of the molecules of substance by convection.
Example : heat transfer through glass of water
* the movement of saw dust from down to up .
3- Radiation: It is a way by which the heat is transferred through gases and space by radiation.
Example : the sun rays transfer to the earth by radiation
• heat transfer from heater by convection and radiation .
The effect of heat on solid, liquid and gases
Solid: expand by heat and contract by cooling
Example : ring and ball
Expand : increase in size of the body .
Contract : decrease in size of body
Application on expand solid
1-not stretching electric cables to prevent cutting it when it contract in winter
2-leaving space between section of railway tracks To prevent them from
Bending and buckling
3-leave space in frame of bridge
to prevent them from collapsing .
*Liquid expand by heating and contract by cooling.
-we measure the temperature by using thermometer
-the idea which thermometer made is expanding liquid by heating and contracting them by cooling .
The clinical thermometer: it is a device used to measure the temperature of patient.
* Its graduation from 35 C0 to 42 C0
* It consists of: graduated glass, capillary tube and glass Bulb
*There is constriction in clinical thermometer to prevent mercury to return to the bulb.
The Celsius thermometer: it used to measure the temperature of liquid .
-its scale begins from zero to 100 C0or 200 C0
Method measure temperature of patient.
1- Sterilize thermometer.
2- shake thermometer to force mercury to bulb
3- put thermometer under tongue one minute
4- read it
5- sterilize it again
Heat conductors and heat insulators
Heat conductors : they are materials that are
Good conductor to heat .
Examples : iron – copper – silver – Aluminium
*heat conductors are used in making cooking pots and tea boilers
Heat insulators : they are materials that are bad Conductors to heat .
Examples : wood – plastic – glass – clothes
heat insulators are used in making hands of cooking pots and hands of tea boilers – clothe
The electric current
The electric current: it is a flow of electric charge
That path from one end of wire to the other.
The electric circuit: it is a closed path through which
Electric charges pass making complete cycle.
The components of electric circuit:
1- dry cell ( battery )
2- lamp
3- closed key ( switch )
4- open switch
Sources of electric current
1- dry cell ( battery )
2- Electric generator (dynamo) .
The dry cell : it change chemical energy to electric energy
The dry cell consists of
1- negative pole : consists of Zinc case ( - )
2- positive pole : consists of Carbon rod
Surrounding by manganese dioxide powder ( )
3- moist paste ( electrolyte ) : consists of
Ionized salts from ammonium chloride, zinc chloride and starch.
*Electrolyte connects between the two poles.
*Dry cell damage if it left long time because it loses its moisture. And become dry.
*Dry cell damage if it used along time because it's chemical components weak and stops.
*Dry cell change chemical energy to electric energy.
*Dry cell used in children toys, radio, watch, torch.
Use of electricity at home
• light bulb : change electric energy into light and heat energy .
• the light bulb consists of :
1-glass bulb : it is made of glass
• the glass bulb filled with inert gases to prevent burning the filament of bulb
2-The filament: it is made of tungsten wire which has high melting point.
3-two thick copper wire
4-two piece of lead fixed on base
The electric iron
The electric iron consists of :
1- heat element : it made of nichrome ( nickel chrome )
* the heat element put between mica sheet ( flak )
To insulate it from iron body
2- iron body : it is flat metal and plastic hand
3- the thermostat : it called regulator or controller
* it regulate the temperature of clothes according to type of cloth
* stop electric current from heat element .
The Fuse
The fuse : it is a device protect appliances from damage and homes from fire .
• the fuse used in domestic electrical equipment as Tv , radio ……
• the importance of fuse : protecting applaiances from damage that when current increase above than normal .
• when uncovered parts of connecting wire touch each other the wire become hot and cause electric shock .
• the structure of fuse :
1- a piece of ceramic ( porcelain )
2- two cracked copper slide
3- thin wire of lead
safe use electric for personal .
1- don’t touch uncover parts
2- don’t put your hand inside radio or television when it plugged in .don't put metal in source of electric .
Safe for home and appliances.
1- Unplugged appliances which shut off.
2- sure that appliances switched off before plugged
3- replace damage wire with new ones .
4- before replace fuse find out the reason for damage
to avoid repeating the same problem .