Chemical combination (union)
The elements are classified into
1- Metal 2- non metal 3- noble gas
The properties of metals:
1- They are solid except mercury is liquid
2- They are shine (luster)
3- They are good conductor to electricity and Heat .
4- They can bend and ductile.
5- They tend to loses electrons in the outer most Energy level and change into positive ion.
The positive ion: it is atom which loses one Electron or more from outer most energy level During chemical reaction.
Example: Magnesium atom 12 Mg
Mg atom (2, 8, 2)
Mg +2 ion ( 2, 8 )
The non metal:
The properties of non metals:
1- They are solid and gases except Bromine are Liquid.
2- They are bad conductor to electricity except
Carbon (graphite) is good conductor to electricity.
3- They have no luster or shine
4- They tend to gain electrons to complete the Outer most energy
level and change to Negative ion.
Negative ion: it is atom which gain an electron Or more during
Chemical reaction.
Example: Oxygen
8 O (atom) = (2, 6)
8O- 2 (ion ) = (2,
Nobel gases: they are elements in which the outer most energy level are full with electrons.
Example : 2He , 10Ne , 18Ar
Chemical bonds
The type of bonds:
1- ionic bond 2- covalent bond
The ionic bond: it is a bond occurs between metal and non metal atoms .
• The ionic bond results from electrical attraction between positive and negative ion.
Example: between sodium and chlorine
Na + Cl Na Cl
The covalent bond: it is a bond occurs between two non metals atoms through participation of atom with electrons to complete the outer shell.
Type of covalent bond:
1- Single covalent bond: it is a bond between two non metals, share by one electron.
Example H + H H 2 ( H – H)
2- Double covalent bond: it is bond between two non metals
where each atom shares with two electrons (=)
Example (O = O)
3- Triple covalent bond: it is a bond between two non metals share by three electrons (≡)
Example N ≡N
Chemical compounds
The valency: it is the number of electrons that an atom gained , lost or shared during chemical reaction .
*The valency of Noble gases is zero
• The atomic group: It is a set of atoms joined together and behave like one atom during chemical reaction having its own valency and not exist solely.
Chemical formula
It is symbols express number and type of atoms in a molecule
How we write chemical formula?
1-Write the name of compound.
2-Write the symbol of each element.
3-Write the valency under the element
1- Replace ( exchange ) the written number
Type of compounds:
A) Acids B) Bases C) Oxides D) Salts
1- Acids: they begin with Hydrogen positive ion (H +)
* They have sour taste
* They change litmus paper to red
Example: Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
Sulphuric acid (H2 SO4 ) - Nitric acid ( HNO3)
2-Bases : they are substances that dissociate in water producing negative hydroxide ion ( OH-)
• They have bitter taste.
• They change litmus paper to blue.
Example : Sodium hydroxide ( Na OH)
Calcium hydroxide (Ca (OH)2 )
3-Oxides: they are elements joins with oxygen as metal or Non metals.
Examples:
Sodium Oxide ( Na 2 O ) Aluminum Oxides ( Al 2 O3)
Carbon dioxide (CO2) - sulphur trioxide (SO3)
4- Salts: they are compounds produce from combination positive metal ion and negative non metal or atomic group
a) Salts Dissolve in water- they produce from combination between:
* Metal and non metal as (Na Cl) sodium chloride - Na 2 S sodium sulphide
*metal and atomic group (K2 SO4) potassium sulphate Ca (NO3)2 calcium nitrate – Mg CO3 magnesium carbonate
b) Salts Undissolved in water:
Metal and non metal (Ag Cl) silver chloride –
Pb Br2 lead bromide
Metal and atomic group (Pb SO4) lead sulphate.
Chemical reaction and chemical equation
Chemical reaction: it is breaking the bond in reactants molecules and forming new bonds in products.
Chemical equation: it is a set of symbols represent the reactant and products in chemical reaction and the condition of reaction.
• the chemical equation should be balanced .
2 Mg + O2 2 MgO
2x24 + 2 x 16 2 (24+ 16)
48 + 32 2 x 40
80 80
* Exothermic reaction : they are reaction accompanied by Release heat.
* Endothermic reaction: they are reaction need heat energy or accompanied by absorption of heat.
Type of chemical reaction
1-direct combination reaction : it is reaction between
* two elements as
* metal and non metal
* Between two compounds
1- thermal decomposition reaction : the splitting of compound into elements or simple compound
As metal Carbonate
3- Double replacement reaction
* Neutratralization reaction: it is reaction of acid and alkalis
To form salts and water as
* Double replacement between two salts
(Precipitation) of silver chloride
Chemical reaction in our life:
The useful side as in industry of plastic, fibers, medicines
Fertilizers and fuel.
The negative effect of chemical reaction
1-fuel burning : produce carbon dioxide which increase the heat in the air and make green houses that permit sun rays to penetrate the earth and never return back
2- Carbon monoxide (CO): it causes death, headache and fainting
3-sulphur oxides as SO2 , SO3 they are causing building
Corrosion and respiratory system problems.
4-Nitrogen oxides : as NO , NO2 they are poisoning and they
Are acidic gases affected eyes and nervous system.
5-burning fuel : as burning paper and cigarettes causes
Air pollution and lung cancer .
Unit two ( force and motion )
Universal motion in the nature
Force: it is an effect attempts to change the object's phase from being static to motion or vice versa or to change the motion direction
The universal force in nature
As lighting - thunder – wind - atomic reaction …
Attraction force: as the attraction force of gravity to objects
*the object's weight: it is the ability of earth to attract the object
to its center.
• The object center of gravity: it is the point at center of object which the forces of gravity affect.
The factor which affect the gravitational force
1- object's mass 2- earth gravity acceleration
Notice earth gravity acceleration = 9.8 m/s2 ≈ 10 m/s2
• the object's weight change from place to another but its mass is fixed
*Newton's general attraction :
• every two objects attract each other by force which directly
Proportional to the product of two object's mass and inversely proportional to square of distance between two object's center.
The electromagnetic force
Electromagnetic force: it used to change electric energy to magnetic energy.
• electromagnet : it consists of isolating copper wire coiling Around a bar of soft iron
• it used in making electric bell and electric winches
Electrostatic force: the attraction force between two charges
Coulomb's law : the attraction or repulsion force between Two charges are directly proportional to the product of two charges
Or inversely (diversely) with the square distance between the their Two centers.
The electric generator: it is a set convert mechanical energy to electric energy.
Electric motor: it is a set works on converting electric energy to Mechanical energy.
The nuclear force: the atom store massive amount of energy inside the nucleus that can divide into
1-Weak nuclear force: it used to get radioactive elements , medicine and industry .
2-Strong nuclear force: it used in producing electricity and military purpose.
* Egypt now hopes to use nuclear energy to produce electricity.
The elements are classified into
1- Metal 2- non metal 3- noble gas
The properties of metals:
1- They are solid except mercury is liquid
2- They are shine (luster)
3- They are good conductor to electricity and Heat .
4- They can bend and ductile.
5- They tend to loses electrons in the outer most Energy level and change into positive ion.
The positive ion: it is atom which loses one Electron or more from outer most energy level During chemical reaction.
Example: Magnesium atom 12 Mg
Mg atom (2, 8, 2)
Mg +2 ion ( 2, 8 )
The non metal:
The properties of non metals:
1- They are solid and gases except Bromine are Liquid.
2- They are bad conductor to electricity except
Carbon (graphite) is good conductor to electricity.
3- They have no luster or shine
4- They tend to gain electrons to complete the Outer most energy
level and change to Negative ion.
Negative ion: it is atom which gain an electron Or more during
Chemical reaction.
Example: Oxygen
8 O (atom) = (2, 6)
8O- 2 (ion ) = (2,
Nobel gases: they are elements in which the outer most energy level are full with electrons.
Example : 2He , 10Ne , 18Ar
Chemical bonds
The type of bonds:
1- ionic bond 2- covalent bond
The ionic bond: it is a bond occurs between metal and non metal atoms .
• The ionic bond results from electrical attraction between positive and negative ion.
Example: between sodium and chlorine
Na + Cl Na Cl
The covalent bond: it is a bond occurs between two non metals atoms through participation of atom with electrons to complete the outer shell.
Type of covalent bond:
1- Single covalent bond: it is a bond between two non metals, share by one electron.
Example H + H H 2 ( H – H)
2- Double covalent bond: it is bond between two non metals
where each atom shares with two electrons (=)
Example (O = O)
3- Triple covalent bond: it is a bond between two non metals share by three electrons (≡)
Example N ≡N
Chemical compounds
The valency: it is the number of electrons that an atom gained , lost or shared during chemical reaction .
*The valency of Noble gases is zero
• The atomic group: It is a set of atoms joined together and behave like one atom during chemical reaction having its own valency and not exist solely.
Chemical formula
It is symbols express number and type of atoms in a molecule
How we write chemical formula?
1-Write the name of compound.
2-Write the symbol of each element.
3-Write the valency under the element
1- Replace ( exchange ) the written number
Type of compounds:
A) Acids B) Bases C) Oxides D) Salts
1- Acids: they begin with Hydrogen positive ion (H +)
* They have sour taste
* They change litmus paper to red
Example: Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
Sulphuric acid (H2 SO4 ) - Nitric acid ( HNO3)
2-Bases : they are substances that dissociate in water producing negative hydroxide ion ( OH-)
• They have bitter taste.
• They change litmus paper to blue.
Example : Sodium hydroxide ( Na OH)
Calcium hydroxide (Ca (OH)2 )
3-Oxides: they are elements joins with oxygen as metal or Non metals.
Examples:
Sodium Oxide ( Na 2 O ) Aluminum Oxides ( Al 2 O3)
Carbon dioxide (CO2) - sulphur trioxide (SO3)
4- Salts: they are compounds produce from combination positive metal ion and negative non metal or atomic group
a) Salts Dissolve in water- they produce from combination between:
* Metal and non metal as (Na Cl) sodium chloride - Na 2 S sodium sulphide
*metal and atomic group (K2 SO4) potassium sulphate Ca (NO3)2 calcium nitrate – Mg CO3 magnesium carbonate
b) Salts Undissolved in water:
Metal and non metal (Ag Cl) silver chloride –
Pb Br2 lead bromide
Metal and atomic group (Pb SO4) lead sulphate.
Chemical reaction and chemical equation
Chemical reaction: it is breaking the bond in reactants molecules and forming new bonds in products.
Chemical equation: it is a set of symbols represent the reactant and products in chemical reaction and the condition of reaction.
• the chemical equation should be balanced .
2 Mg + O2 2 MgO
2x24 + 2 x 16 2 (24+ 16)
48 + 32 2 x 40
80 80
* Exothermic reaction : they are reaction accompanied by Release heat.
* Endothermic reaction: they are reaction need heat energy or accompanied by absorption of heat.
Type of chemical reaction
1-direct combination reaction : it is reaction between
* two elements as
* metal and non metal
* Between two compounds
1- thermal decomposition reaction : the splitting of compound into elements or simple compound
As metal Carbonate
3- Double replacement reaction
* Neutratralization reaction: it is reaction of acid and alkalis
To form salts and water as
* Double replacement between two salts
(Precipitation) of silver chloride
Chemical reaction in our life:
The useful side as in industry of plastic, fibers, medicines
Fertilizers and fuel.
The negative effect of chemical reaction
1-fuel burning : produce carbon dioxide which increase the heat in the air and make green houses that permit sun rays to penetrate the earth and never return back
2- Carbon monoxide (CO): it causes death, headache and fainting
3-sulphur oxides as SO2 , SO3 they are causing building
Corrosion and respiratory system problems.
4-Nitrogen oxides : as NO , NO2 they are poisoning and they
Are acidic gases affected eyes and nervous system.
5-burning fuel : as burning paper and cigarettes causes
Air pollution and lung cancer .
Unit two ( force and motion )
Universal motion in the nature
Force: it is an effect attempts to change the object's phase from being static to motion or vice versa or to change the motion direction
The universal force in nature
As lighting - thunder – wind - atomic reaction …
Attraction force: as the attraction force of gravity to objects
*the object's weight: it is the ability of earth to attract the object
to its center.
• The object center of gravity: it is the point at center of object which the forces of gravity affect.
The factor which affect the gravitational force
1- object's mass 2- earth gravity acceleration
Notice earth gravity acceleration = 9.8 m/s2 ≈ 10 m/s2
• the object's weight change from place to another but its mass is fixed
*Newton's general attraction :
• every two objects attract each other by force which directly
Proportional to the product of two object's mass and inversely proportional to square of distance between two object's center.
The electromagnetic force
Electromagnetic force: it used to change electric energy to magnetic energy.
• electromagnet : it consists of isolating copper wire coiling Around a bar of soft iron
• it used in making electric bell and electric winches
Electrostatic force: the attraction force between two charges
Coulomb's law : the attraction or repulsion force between Two charges are directly proportional to the product of two charges
Or inversely (diversely) with the square distance between the their Two centers.
The electric generator: it is a set convert mechanical energy to electric energy.
Electric motor: it is a set works on converting electric energy to Mechanical energy.
The nuclear force: the atom store massive amount of energy inside the nucleus that can divide into
1-Weak nuclear force: it used to get radioactive elements , medicine and industry .
2-Strong nuclear force: it used in producing electricity and military purpose.
* Egypt now hopes to use nuclear energy to produce electricity.
