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    sonnd wave proprties

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    مُساهمة من طرف مروان الأربعاء أبريل 07, 2010 8:36 pm

    Sound Wave Properties
    All waves have certain properties. The three most important ones for audio work are shown here:
    Wavelength: The distance between any point on a wave and the equivalent point on the next phase. Literally, the length of the wave.

    Amplitude: The strength or power of a wave signal. The "height" of a wave when viewed as a graph.
    Higher amplitudes are interpreted as a higher volume, hence the name "amplifier" for a device which increases amplitude.

    Frequency: The number of times the wavelength occurs in one second. Measured in kilohertz (Khz), or cycles per second. The faster the sound source vibrates, the higher the frequency.
    Higher frequencies are interpreted as a higher pitch. For example, when you sing in a high-pitched voice you are forcing your vocal chords to vibrate quickly.

    When different waves collide (e.g. sound from different sources) they interfere with each other. This is called, unsurprisingly, wave interference.
    Phasing:
    The following table illustrates how sound waves (or any other waves) interfere with each other depending on their phase relationship:

    • Sound waves which are exactly in phase add together to produce a stronger wave.
    • Sound waves which are exactly inverted, or 180 degrees out of phase, cancel each other out and produce silence. This is how many noise-cancellation devices work.
    • Sound waves which have varying phase relationships produce differing sound effects.
    See also: Examples of various wave interference patterns.
    Sound Systems
    Working with audio means working with sound systems. Naturally, the range of systems available for different applications is enormous. However, all electronic audio systems are based around one very simple concept: To take sound waves, convert them into an electric current and manipulate them as desired, then convert them back into sound waves.
    A very simple sound system is shown in the diagram below. It is made up of two types of component:
    • Transducer - A device which converts energy from one form into another. The two types of transducers we will deal with are microphones (which convert acoustical energy into electrical energy) and speakers (which convert electrical energy into acoustical energy).
    • Amplifier - A device which takes a signal and increases it's power (i.e. it increases the amplitude).

    1. The process begins with a sound source (such as a human voice), which creates waves of sound (acoustical energy).
    2. These waves are detected by a transducer (microphone), which converts them to electrical energy.
    3. The electrical signal from the microphone is very weak, and must be fed to an amplifier before anything serious can be done with it.
    4. The loudspeaker converts the electrical signal back into sound waves, which are heard by human ears.
    The next diagram shows a slightly more elaborate system, which includes:
    • Signal processors - devices and software which allow the manipulation of the signal in various ways. The most common processors are tonal adjusters such as bass and treble controls.
    • Record and playback section - devices which convert a signal to a storage format for later reproduction. Recorders are available in many different forms, including magnetic tape, optical CD, computer hard drive, etc.

    1. The audio signal from the transducer (microphone) is passed through one or more processing units, which prepare it for recording (or directly for amplification).
    2. The signal is fed to a recording device for storage.
    3. The stored signal is played back and fed to more processors.
    4. The signal is amplified and fed to a loudspeaker.
    ________________________________________
    The 3-part audio model
    One simple way of visualising any audio system is by dividing it up into three sections: the source(s), processor(s) and output(s).
     The source is where the electronic audio signal is generated. This could be a "live" source such as a microphone or electric musical instrument, or a "playback" source such as a tape deck, CD, etc.
     The processing section is where the signal is manipulated. For our purposes, we will include the amplifiers in this section.
     The output section is where the signal is converted into sound waves (by loudspeakers), so that it can be heard by humans.
    This portable stereo is a good example of a simple system.
    Sources: There are three sources - two tape machines and one radio aerial (technically the radio source is actually at the radio station).
    Processors: Includes a graphic equaliser, left/right stereo balance, and amplifiers.
    Outputs: There are two speaker cabinets (one at each end), each containing two speakers. Note that there are also two alternative outputs: A headphone socket (which drives the small speakers inside a headphone set) and twin "line out" sockets (which supply a feed for an external audio system).
    Now imagine a multi-kilowatt sound system used for stadium concerts. Although this is a complex system, at it's heart are the same three sections: Sources (microphones, instruments, etc), processors and speakers.
    Whatever the scale of the project, the same underlying principles of sound reproduction apply.

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    مُساهمة من طرف atwa الجمعة أبريل 09, 2010 5:23 pm

    شكرا لك يا مروان على اهتمامك العلمى ووفقك الله

    عليك ان تلخص الموضوع وحاول ان تكتب بنفسك الموضوع دون النسخ من الانترنت حتى تجذب انتباه زملائك

    وثانيه مشكور على المشاركة

    عطوه اللبيدى
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    مُساهمة من طرف payoumy الإثنين مارس 26, 2012 12:57 am

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