The cell الخلية
* The plant cell: It is the building unit of a plant.
*The structure of plant cell: تركيب الخلية النباتية
1- Cellular wall: جدار الخلية
it is inflexible thick wall , surrounds the cell to protect and support it .
2- Cytoplasm: السيتوبلازم
-It is a clear jelly, fill most of the cell and it is surrounded by a plasimc membrane
3- Nucleus: النواه
- It is a dark spherical shaped body.
4- Plastids:البلاستيدة
- It helps in photosynthesis process.
5- Cell vacuole: الفجوه العصارية
it contains salt , sugar and water
* The animal cell: الخلية الحيوانية
Is the building unit of the animal.
The structure of the animal cell: تركيب الخلية الحيوانية
1- The plasma membrane: الغشاء البلازمى
- It is thin membrane surrounds the cell.
2- Cytoplasm:السيتوبلازم
- It is a Jelly-like fluid found inside the cell .
3- Nucleus: النواه
- It is dark oval body
4- Centrosome: الجسم المركزى
It is found only in the animal cell .
A Comparison between animal and plant cell:مقارنة بين الخلية النباتية والحيوانية
the cell is called microscapical units الخلية وحدة ميكروسكوبية
because the cells are too are small to be seen with the naked eye .
* The cell: Is the building unit of the living organism
- The tissue: النسيج
- It is a group of similar cells
- The organ: العضو It is a group of different tissues work together .
- The system: الجهاز A group of different organs work together .
-
- The body of the living organism " for example man " is composed of different systems .
Teeth : chew food
Tongue : mixes the food with saliva
Salivary gland : secret saliva that convert starch into sugar .
2- Digestion in the Stomach
- It is a muscular sac.
- The muscles of stomach contract and relax to break down the food
Its function:
- It secrets gastric juices
to digest food partially and digest protein
** 3- Digestion in the Small intestine (Ileum) :
- It is along convoluted tube
- The food is completely digest food and absorption it
by effect of:
A- Bile: from the liver.
B- Pancreatic juices: from pancreas
c- Intestinal juices: from the small intestine.
- The wall of small intestine absorbs the digested food going into the blood stream.
called Ileum:
- because it is long and coiled around itself
Absorption process:
- It is the transfer of digested food substances from the cells of small intestines to the blood.
4- Large intestine :
- It is 150 cm long and 6 cm in diameter, it surrounds the ileum as an inverted U shaped.
consists of :
a- Caecum:
- It is the beginning of the large intestine ends with appendix .
b- Colon:
- It Consistes of 3 parts
1- Ascending 2- Transverse 3- Descending
c- Rectum:
- ends with Anus.
Function of large intestine:
it stores undigested food till get rid of it .
The associated glands with the small intestine
1- Salivary glands
- They secrete saliva in mouth
Saliva :
- It converts " changes " starch into sugar .
2-The liver:
It produces the bile juice , which is stored in the gall bladder to help in the digestion of fats .
3-Pancreas:
It secretes the pancreatic juice
- The passage of food from the digestive system to the body cells :
1- The food is changed completely in simple substance in the small intestine.
2- the digested food is absorbed from the small intestine to the blood then to all body cells .
** How can you protect your digestive system healthy?
1- Eating suitable amounts of food and not to fill the stomach with food completely to avoid indigestion .
2- Keep your teeth clean by brushing them before and after eating to protect them from decay.
3- Food should contain suitable amounts a variety of fresh vegetables and fruits rich in fibers to prevent constipation.
4- Look after your body to keep it healthy and cleaning of food to avoid infected by infectious diseases as typhoid or cholera and parasitic worms like Ascaris or Anklystoma.
- It belongs to invertebrate .
- I lives in the small intestine of the human .
Its feeding:
- It attacks the internal walls of small intestine and feeds on the blood .
- Female produce eggs in the small intestine
- The eggs are passed in the host's stool .
- The eggs hatch in the wet soil and in farms into small larvae
- when man walks bare footed on the mud or in farms the larvae enter the body through skin
Infective stage:
Is the larvae that lives in the surface of the soil
- Methods of protection:
- we should not walk without foot wear on the moist soil or in farms
- Wash fruit and vegetables carefully with tap water.
Respiration::
- Is the vital process which provides the body with energy and getting rid of harmful substances as carbon dioxide and water vapour
- Equation of respiration process :
- Importance of respiration:
- All living organisms need energy to perform their vital activities so they must respire to obtain this energy by burning food .
The Respiratory system
- It is the system which provides the body of the living organism with oxygen and getting rid of carbon dioxide and water vapour .
- The human respiratory system consists of:
1- The nose
2- Pharynx
3- Larynx
4- Trachea
5- Bronchi
6- Two lungs
Mechanism of breathing:
Inhalation process:
Is the process by which air rich in oxygen enters the lungs
Exhalation process:
Is the process by which air carries carbon dioxide and water vapour comes out of the lungs.
Exchange of gases in the two lungs:
- The lung consists of alveoli "air sacs "surrounded by blood capillaries.
- During Inhalation:
- Air containing oxygen enters to the alveoli in the lungs .
- During Exhalation:
The air containing carbon dioxide and water vapour passes from the lungs up through out of the body
*Some diseases that attack the respiratory system :
- Lung irritation التهاب الرئتين
- Tuberculosis السل
- Influenza
Methods of protection الحماية from respiratory system diseases:
1- stays away from sick people.
2- keeping away from crowded places
3- Avoid smoking and smokers
4- Avoid exposing to cold air.
** How can we keep the respiratory system healthy?
1- We should breath in through the nose not through the mouth
2- Practicing physical activities
3- Avoid smoking and smokers .
The harms of smoking: اضرار التدخين
1- Cause cancer of the two lungs سرطان الرئتين
2- Mental disorder خلل عقلى
3- Loss of appetite فقدان الشهية
4- Nervous system disorder and loss of balance.فقدان االاتزان
The circulatory systemالجهاز الدورى
It consists of:
1-The Heart القلب
2-The Blood Vesselsالاوعية الدموية
3-The Blood الدم
A-The Heart: It is a very strong muscular hollow organ,
in size a of fist.قبضة اليد
Function of the heart : pump the blood to all part of the body
-It consists of two sides "right side and left side "
-The two sides are separated from each other by septum " muscular wall to prevent the mixing of the blood between them"
-The heart is composed of four chambers: غرف
*The two atrium : اذينين
-They found in the upper part of the heart,
they are right atrium and left atrium.
*The two ventricles: بطينين
-They found in the lower part of the heart,
they are right ventricle and left ventricle
*The valves:الصمام
There are two valves between atrium and ventricle.
*Function of The valves: فائدة الصمام
They allow the blood to pass from the atrium to the ventricle and not in the opposite direction.
Q1: what is the function of heart – valve - septum
B- Blood Vessels الاوعية الدموية
1-Arteries: الشرايين
They carry the blood from the heart to all parts of the body.
They are thick
Ex pulmonary artery – aorta
2-Veins:الاوردة
They carry the blood from the body to the heart.
They are thin
Ex four pulmonary veins – vena cave
3- blood Capillaries:الشعيرات الدموية
They are the ends of arteries and the beginning of veins
What is function of :
1- the veins.
2- the blood capillaries .
The blood : it is a red liquid circulate in the body
It contains:
1-Red blood cells:خلايا الدم الحمراء
They carry oxygen from the lungs to all body cells.
They carry carbon dioxide from the body cells to the lungs
2-White blood cells: خلايا الدم البيضاء
They resist and attack the microbes inside the body.
3-blood Platelets: الصفائح الدموية
They help in blood clotting and healing wounds التام الجروح و تجلط الدم
4-Plasma: البلازما
Is the liquid in the blood.
It carries the digested food from the digestive system to the body cells
It carries the wastes from the cells to the excretory system.
The blood circuits :
1- oxygenated مؤكسد blood pass from lungs to left atrium
2- oxygenated blood pass from atrium to left ventricle
3- oxygenated the blood pump to all body through aorta
4- the deoxygenated غير مؤكسد blood return to right atrium
5- the deoxygenated blood pass from atrium to right ventricle then pump to the lungs .
How do you keep the circulatory system healthy?
1-Practice physical exercises.ممارسة نشاط
2-reduce eating fats and salts.
3- Avoid smoking and smokers.
4- Eating balance diet more fruits and vegetables
5-avoid stress الانفعال.
Excretion in human beings
Excretion:
- Is a process of getting rid wastes resulted from food burning inside the body cells .
- How does a body get rid of harmful wastes?
- The body gets rid of these wastes through:
a- The respiratory system.
b- The urinary system .
c- The skin.
- As a result of breaking down of food in the cells, carbon dioxide and water vapour "wastes" are produced
- waste gases are carried by blood traveling through the veins to the lungs , where exhalation process takes place and gases are removed from the body .
The human urinary system:
It consists of:
- The two kidneys
- The ureters
- The urinary bladder.
- The kidneys are dark red and shaped like phallus seed
- they are located near the back of the abdomen
- one on each side of the vertebral column
- A tube " ureter" runs from each kidney .
Its function :
They filter the blood from harmful substances "urea , uric acid, excess salts and water "
- They separate "Urine" from the blood to form.
B- The ureters
* they are two tubes that connect the kidneys to the urinary bladder .
C- The urinary bladder
- It stores the " urine " until get outside the body .
Urine:
- is a liquid containing urea , uric acid , excess salts and water
- Factors affecting the amount of excreted urine:
1- Temperature
2- Activity of the body.
3- Amount of drink water.
The role of the skin in excretion process
The human skin structure:
1-Epidermis
- It contains pores
- Sweat comes out from the skin through the pores
2-Dermis
- Is the second layer
- It contains
- Blood vessels
- Sweat glands
- Nerve endings
- Hair follicles
The sweat
- It is excess salts dissolved in water.
Functions of the skin:
A – Excretion sweat
B- protects the body against microbes and dryness
c- Sensory function:
- Because it feels touch, pressure, pain and temperature.
Matter
Matter: it is any thing that has mass and volume .
*Matter exist in three states which are solid , liquid .
and gases
*matter change from state to another by heating or
Cooling.
Melting: change matter from solid to liquid.
Freezing: change matter from liquid to solid.
Evaporation: change matter from liquid to gases
Condensation: change of matter from gases to liquid.
The physical change of matter : it is the change of shape or appearance of matter without change in its structure .
Example: melting wax , ice , grinding of sugar
Dissolving of salts in water , evaporation of water.
The chemical change of matter: it is the change in structure of matter and producing new substance .
Example: burning of wood , candle , rust , fermentation of fruit .
Examples of physical changes:
1- Crushing of sugar.
2- Changing of water into ice or vapour.
3- Melting of wax.
Q1: Give reasons:
1- Melting of wax is an example of physical changes.
Because the appearance is changed but the structure did not change.
2- Burning of sugar is an example of chemical changes.
Because the structure is changed giving a new substance with new properties.
3- Chemical change has a change in properties of matter.
Because it leads to the formation of new substances that have new properties.
Q2: What happens in the following cases?
1- Putting a piece of iron wire in water for several days, then exposing it to air.
" A layer of iron rust is formed.
2- Putting a cube of sugar in a burning spoon and heating it strongly.
" Sugar is burned and changed to another substance that has different properties.
complete:
1- from physical change ……… , ………… and ……
2- from chemical change …….. , and …….
Q2: what is meant by physical change - chemical
The solution:
It is a homogeneous system that consists of a solvent (as water) and a solute (as table salt).
" A solution requires a solvent and a solute.
" Speed of dissolution increases by stirring and heating.
" The solution is a mixture, in which its components (the solute and solvent) can be separated by physical means.
Examples of solutions:
1- Table salt in water.
2- Sugar in water.
Q1: Give reason:
Salt solution in water is a mixture not a compound.
" Because its components can be separated easily by evaporation.
Q2: What happens in the following cases?
1- Stirring some of chalk powder in a beaker containing water.
" Chalk does not dissolve in water.
2- Exposing a solid surface to evolved water vapour.
" Water vapour is condensed
A: Alkalis:
Properties of alkalis :
1- Alkalis turn the colour of red litmus paper into blue.
2- Dilute solutions of alkalis have the soft feel of soap.
3- Alkalis react with vegetable oils to form soap.
Examples of alkalis:
1- Caustic soda (sodium hydroxide).
2- Caustic potash (potassium hydroxide).
3- Ammonia solution (ammonium hydroxide).
B: Acids:
1- Acids change the colour of blue litmus paper to red.
2- Dilute acids have a sour taste.
3- Acids react with sodium carbonate or sodium bicarbonate and carbon dioxide gas evolves which makes lime water cloudy (turbid).
Examples of Acids:
1- Vinegar (dilute acetic acid).
2- Lemon juice (citric acid)
3- Hydrochloric acid.
4- Nitric acid.
5- Sulphuric acid.
C: Salts:
Salt solutions have neutral effect on red and blue litmus papers.
Examples of salts:
1- Sodium chloride (table salt).
2- Sodium carbonate.
3- Sodium bicarbonate.
4- Calcium carbonate (lime stone - chalk - marble).
Q1: Give reasons:
1- Vinegar changes the colour of blue litmus paper to red.
" Because vinegar is the acetic acid, which changes the blue litmus, paper to red.
1- On adding lemon juice to sodium carbonate, effervescence takes place and lime water becomes milky.
Because carbon dioxide gas evolves.
2- An alkaline solution can be tested using a red litmus paper.
Because the alkalis change the colour of red litmus to blue.
3- An acidic solution can be tested using a blue litmus paper.
Because the acids change the colour of blue litmus paper to red.
4- Carbon dioxide gas can be tested using lime water.
" Because carbon dioxide turns clear lime water to cloudy.
Q2: What happens in the following cases?
1- Adding caustic soda solution to vegetable oil with continuous stirring.
" Soap is formed.
2- If you put two litmus papers, one is red and the other is blue in a beaker containing table salt solution.
" The colour of the two litmus papers does not change.
3- On adding vinegar to a solution of sodium bicarbonate.
" Effervescence takes place and bubbles of carbon dioxide gas evolve.
4- If you put two litmus papers, one is red and the other is blue in a beaker containing caustic potash.
" The colour of red litmus paper changes to blue while the blue paper does not change.
5- On passing carbon dioxide gas in clear lime water.
" Lime water becomes cloudy (milky).
6- If put two litmus papers, one is red and the other is blue in a beaker containing lemon juice.
" The colour of blue litmus paper changes to red while the red one does not change.
Q1) Complete:
1) The alimentary canal associates are .............. , ........... and ...............
- salivary glands - liver - pancreas.
2- Saliva in the mouth changes the .............. substance into the ......... substance.
- starch - sugar
3- Blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to the body are named ........... but the ones that carry it from the body to the heart are named ..........
- arteries - veins
4-
- oxygen - carbon dioxide
5- The body of the living organism consists of small building units called ............
- cells
6- The difference between the plant and animal cells that the plant cell has ........ and ..............
- cellular wall - green plastids.
7- The group of tissues which works together is called ..........
- organ
8- During inhalation the chest cavity ...................
- increase.
9- The starch converts into sugar in the mouth by ...............
- saliva
10- Anklystoma live in the human body in the ...............
- small intestine.
11- The ............... system helps the body to get rid of ........... , uric acid, water and some excess salts.
- urinary - urea
12- The digestive system starts with .............. opening, while the respiratory system starts with ..............
- mouth - nose
13- Oil is broken down into small particles that dissolve in water by ....................
- Bile juice.
14- Air enters the lungs in the .............. process.
- inhalation
15- Urine is transferred from the kidney to the urinary bladder through ..............
- ureter
16- The component of the blood which attacks microbes in the human body is called .............
- white blood cells.
17- Saliva is produced in the ............. by ...........
- mouth cavity - salivary glands.
18- Pharynx is a common path between .......... system and .......... system.
- Digestive - respiratory
19- The bile juice digests ..............
- fats
20- The person infected by anklystoma suffers ...............
- Anaemia
21- The lung contains ............. surrounded by ...........
- Air sacs "Alveoli" - network of blood capillaries.
22- ............ grind food in the mouth, while ........... mix it with saliva.
- teeth - tongue
23- ............... prevents the passgae of food to the respiratory system during swallowing.
- Epiglottis.
24- Large intestines are composed of ..............., ..............., ................ and .......................
- Caecum - colon - rectum - anus
25- The infective stage of Anklystoma is .............. and it lives in ...............
- larva - small intestines.
26- The body gets rid of .............., ...................... and .................. through the excretion process.
- urine - sweat - carbon dioxide - water vapour.
27- The circulatory system in man consists of ............. , .............. and ..............
- Heart - blood - blood vessels.
28- The two main parts of the digestive system are ............ and ..................
- Alimentary canal - Alimentary canal associates.
29- During inhalation the diaphragm ...........
- moves down wards
30- The process of moving the digested food from the small intestines to the blood is called ..............
- Absorption
31- The blood rich in oxygen returns to ............... through .............
- heart - four pulmonary veins
32- The diaphragm moves down ward in the process of ........... and moves upward in the process of .............
- inhalation - exhalation
33- The urinary system is composed of .............., ureters and .............
- two kidney - urinary bladder.
34- The blood platelets help in the ..................
- Blood clotting
35- The heart consists of four chambers which are .............., ......................, ...................... and .................
- left atrium - right atrium - left ventricle - right ventricle.
36- Plant cells have .............. around their cell membrane.
- cell wall.
37- In the lungs, gas exchange takes place through ................
- Alveoli
38- Deoxygenated blood "low in oxygen" is coming from ............. and is entering the right atrium through ..............
- All body cells - vena cava
39- The group of different .............. are forming the human body.
- systems
40- The nucleus is surrounded by a thick fluid material it is called ........
- cytoplasm 41- The diaphragm separates the throax from ..............
- Abdomen
42- Bile breaks down .......... into very small particles which dissolve in water.
- fats "oils 43- Digested food is absorbed in .............. and passes into ...............
- small intestines - blood.
44- Red blood cells carry oxygen from ............. to ..............
- lungs - the cells
45- Salivary glands pour their secretions into ............. while pancreas pour its secretions into ................
- mouth cavity - small intestine.
46- The muscle of ............ plays an improtant role in the mechanism of breathing.
- diaphragm
47- Skin is formed of two layers .............. and ....................
- Epidermis - dermis
48- urine is composed of .............., .................... and ..............
- urea - uric acid - exess dissolved salts.
49- From the functions of the skin, ................ , .............. and ............
- excretion - protection - sensation
50- Exertion a lot of physical activities need more ............. to burn the food in the cells.
- oxygen
* The plant cell: It is the building unit of a plant.
*The structure of plant cell: تركيب الخلية النباتية
1- Cellular wall: جدار الخلية
it is inflexible thick wall , surrounds the cell to protect and support it .
2- Cytoplasm: السيتوبلازم
-It is a clear jelly, fill most of the cell and it is surrounded by a plasimc membrane
3- Nucleus: النواه
- It is a dark spherical shaped body.
4- Plastids:البلاستيدة
- It helps in photosynthesis process.
5- Cell vacuole: الفجوه العصارية
it contains salt , sugar and water
* The animal cell: الخلية الحيوانية
Is the building unit of the animal.
The structure of the animal cell: تركيب الخلية الحيوانية
1- The plasma membrane: الغشاء البلازمى
- It is thin membrane surrounds the cell.
2- Cytoplasm:السيتوبلازم
- It is a Jelly-like fluid found inside the cell .
3- Nucleus: النواه
- It is dark oval body
4- Centrosome: الجسم المركزى
It is found only in the animal cell .
A Comparison between animal and plant cell:مقارنة بين الخلية النباتية والحيوانية
The point | The plant cell | The animal cell |
Nucleus Cytoplasm Cell wall Plastid Sap vacuole Centrosome | Exist Exist Exist Exist Not exist | Exist Not exist Not exist Not exist Exist |
the cell is called microscapical units الخلية وحدة ميكروسكوبية
because the cells are too are small to be seen with the naked eye .
* The cell: Is the building unit of the living organism
- The tissue: النسيج
- It is a group of similar cells
- The organ: العضو It is a group of different tissues work together .
- The system: الجهاز A group of different organs work together .
-
- The body of the living organism " for example man " is composed of different systems .
Teeth : chew food
Tongue : mixes the food with saliva
Salivary gland : secret saliva that convert starch into sugar .
2- Digestion in the Stomach
- It is a muscular sac.
- The muscles of stomach contract and relax to break down the food
Its function:
- It secrets gastric juices
to digest food partially and digest protein
** 3- Digestion in the Small intestine (Ileum) :
- It is along convoluted tube
- The food is completely digest food and absorption it
by effect of:
A- Bile: from the liver.
B- Pancreatic juices: from pancreas
c- Intestinal juices: from the small intestine.
- The wall of small intestine absorbs the digested food going into the blood stream.
called Ileum:
- because it is long and coiled around itself
Absorption process:
- It is the transfer of digested food substances from the cells of small intestines to the blood.
4- Large intestine :
- It is 150 cm long and 6 cm in diameter, it surrounds the ileum as an inverted U shaped.
consists of :
a- Caecum:
- It is the beginning of the large intestine ends with appendix .
b- Colon:
- It Consistes of 3 parts
1- Ascending 2- Transverse 3- Descending
c- Rectum:
- ends with Anus.
Function of large intestine:
it stores undigested food till get rid of it .
The associated glands with the small intestine
1- Salivary glands
- They secrete saliva in mouth
Saliva :
- It converts " changes " starch into sugar .
2-The liver:
It produces the bile juice , which is stored in the gall bladder to help in the digestion of fats .
3-Pancreas:
It secretes the pancreatic juice
- The passage of food from the digestive system to the body cells :
1- The food is changed completely in simple substance in the small intestine.
2- the digested food is absorbed from the small intestine to the blood then to all body cells .
** How can you protect your digestive system healthy?
1- Eating suitable amounts of food and not to fill the stomach with food completely to avoid indigestion .
2- Keep your teeth clean by brushing them before and after eating to protect them from decay.
3- Food should contain suitable amounts a variety of fresh vegetables and fruits rich in fibers to prevent constipation.
4- Look after your body to keep it healthy and cleaning of food to avoid infected by infectious diseases as typhoid or cholera and parasitic worms like Ascaris or Anklystoma.
Anklystoma "Hookworm"
- It belongs to invertebrate .
- I lives in the small intestine of the human .
Its feeding:
- It attacks the internal walls of small intestine and feeds on the blood .
Life cycle
- Female produce eggs in the small intestine
- The eggs are passed in the host's stool .
- The eggs hatch in the wet soil and in farms into small larvae
- when man walks bare footed on the mud or in farms the larvae enter the body through skin
Infective stage:
Is the larvae that lives in the surface of the soil
- Methods of protection:
- we should not walk without foot wear on the moist soil or in farms
- Wash fruit and vegetables carefully with tap water.
Respiration::
- Is the vital process which provides the body with energy and getting rid of harmful substances as carbon dioxide and water vapour
- Equation of respiration process :
- Importance of respiration:
- All living organisms need energy to perform their vital activities so they must respire to obtain this energy by burning food .
The Respiratory system
- It is the system which provides the body of the living organism with oxygen and getting rid of carbon dioxide and water vapour .
The structure of human respiratory system
- The human respiratory system consists of:
1- The nose
2- Pharynx
3- Larynx
4- Trachea
5- Bronchi
6- Two lungs
Mechanism of breathing:
Inhalation process:
Is the process by which air rich in oxygen enters the lungs
Exhalation process:
Is the process by which air carries carbon dioxide and water vapour comes out of the lungs.
Exchange of gases in the two lungs:
- The lung consists of alveoli "air sacs "surrounded by blood capillaries.
- During Inhalation:
- Air containing oxygen enters to the alveoli in the lungs .
- During Exhalation:
The air containing carbon dioxide and water vapour passes from the lungs up through out of the body
*Some diseases that attack the respiratory system :
- Lung irritation التهاب الرئتين
- Tuberculosis السل
- Influenza
Methods of protection الحماية from respiratory system diseases:
1- stays away from sick people.
2- keeping away from crowded places
3- Avoid smoking and smokers
4- Avoid exposing to cold air.
** How can we keep the respiratory system healthy?
1- We should breath in through the nose not through the mouth
2- Practicing physical activities
3- Avoid smoking and smokers .
The harms of smoking: اضرار التدخين
1- Cause cancer of the two lungs سرطان الرئتين
2- Mental disorder خلل عقلى
3- Loss of appetite فقدان الشهية
4- Nervous system disorder and loss of balance.فقدان االاتزان
The circulatory systemالجهاز الدورى
It consists of:
1-The Heart القلب
2-The Blood Vesselsالاوعية الدموية
3-The Blood الدم
A-The Heart: It is a very strong muscular hollow organ,
in size a of fist.قبضة اليد
Function of the heart : pump the blood to all part of the body
-It consists of two sides "right side and left side "
-The two sides are separated from each other by septum " muscular wall to prevent the mixing of the blood between them"
-The heart is composed of four chambers: غرف
*The two atrium : اذينين
-They found in the upper part of the heart,
they are right atrium and left atrium.
*The two ventricles: بطينين
-They found in the lower part of the heart,
they are right ventricle and left ventricle
*The valves:الصمام
There are two valves between atrium and ventricle.
*Function of The valves: فائدة الصمام
They allow the blood to pass from the atrium to the ventricle and not in the opposite direction.
Q1: what is the function of heart – valve - septum
B- Blood Vessels الاوعية الدموية
1-Arteries: الشرايين
They carry the blood from the heart to all parts of the body.
They are thick
Ex pulmonary artery – aorta
2-Veins:الاوردة
They carry the blood from the body to the heart.
They are thin
Ex four pulmonary veins – vena cave
3- blood Capillaries:الشعيرات الدموية
They are the ends of arteries and the beginning of veins
What is function of :
1- the veins.
2- the blood capillaries .
C- The Blood الدم
The blood : it is a red liquid circulate in the body
It contains:
1-Red blood cells:خلايا الدم الحمراء
They carry oxygen from the lungs to all body cells.
They carry carbon dioxide from the body cells to the lungs
2-White blood cells: خلايا الدم البيضاء
They resist and attack the microbes inside the body.
3-blood Platelets: الصفائح الدموية
They help in blood clotting and healing wounds التام الجروح و تجلط الدم
4-Plasma: البلازما
Is the liquid in the blood.
It carries the digested food from the digestive system to the body cells
It carries the wastes from the cells to the excretory system.
The blood circuits :
1- oxygenated مؤكسد blood pass from lungs to left atrium
2- oxygenated blood pass from atrium to left ventricle
3- oxygenated the blood pump to all body through aorta
4- the deoxygenated غير مؤكسد blood return to right atrium
5- the deoxygenated blood pass from atrium to right ventricle then pump to the lungs .
How do you keep the circulatory system healthy?
1-Practice physical exercises.ممارسة نشاط
2-reduce eating fats and salts.
3- Avoid smoking and smokers.
4- Eating balance diet more fruits and vegetables
5-avoid stress الانفعال.
Excretion in human beings
Excretion:
- Is a process of getting rid wastes resulted from food burning inside the body cells .
- How does a body get rid of harmful wastes?
- The body gets rid of these wastes through:
a- The respiratory system.
b- The urinary system .
c- The skin.
First: The role of the respiratory system in excretion process:
- As a result of breaking down of food in the cells, carbon dioxide and water vapour "wastes" are produced
- waste gases are carried by blood traveling through the veins to the lungs , where exhalation process takes place and gases are removed from the body .
Second: The role of urinary system in excretion process
The human urinary system:
It consists of:
- The two kidneys
- The ureters
- The urinary bladder.
A- The two kidneys
- The kidneys are dark red and shaped like phallus seed
- they are located near the back of the abdomen
- one on each side of the vertebral column
- A tube " ureter" runs from each kidney .
Its function :
They filter the blood from harmful substances "urea , uric acid, excess salts and water "
- They separate "Urine" from the blood to form.
B- The ureters
* they are two tubes that connect the kidneys to the urinary bladder .
C- The urinary bladder
- It stores the " urine " until get outside the body .
Urine:
- is a liquid containing urea , uric acid , excess salts and water
- Factors affecting the amount of excreted urine:
1- Temperature
2- Activity of the body.
3- Amount of drink water.
The role of the skin in excretion process
The human skin structure:
1-Epidermis
- It contains pores
- Sweat comes out from the skin through the pores
2-Dermis
- Is the second layer
- It contains
- Blood vessels
- Sweat glands
- Nerve endings
- Hair follicles
The sweat
- It is excess salts dissolved in water.
Functions of the skin:
A – Excretion sweat
B- protects the body against microbes and dryness
c- Sensory function:
- Because it feels touch, pressure, pain and temperature.
Matter
Matter: it is any thing that has mass and volume .
*Matter exist in three states which are solid , liquid .
and gases
*matter change from state to another by heating or
Cooling.
Melting: change matter from solid to liquid.
Freezing: change matter from liquid to solid.
Evaporation: change matter from liquid to gases
Condensation: change of matter from gases to liquid.
The physical change of matter : it is the change of shape or appearance of matter without change in its structure .
Example: melting wax , ice , grinding of sugar
Dissolving of salts in water , evaporation of water.
The chemical change of matter: it is the change in structure of matter and producing new substance .
Example: burning of wood , candle , rust , fermentation of fruit .
Examples of physical changes:
1- Crushing of sugar.
2- Changing of water into ice or vapour.
3- Melting of wax.
Q1: Give reasons:
1- Melting of wax is an example of physical changes.
Because the appearance is changed but the structure did not change.
2- Burning of sugar is an example of chemical changes.
Because the structure is changed giving a new substance with new properties.
3- Chemical change has a change in properties of matter.
Because it leads to the formation of new substances that have new properties.
Q2: What happens in the following cases?
1- Putting a piece of iron wire in water for several days, then exposing it to air.
" A layer of iron rust is formed.
2- Putting a cube of sugar in a burning spoon and heating it strongly.
" Sugar is burned and changed to another substance that has different properties.
complete:
1- from physical change ……… , ………… and ……
2- from chemical change …….. , and …….
Q2: what is meant by physical change - chemical
The solution:
It is a homogeneous system that consists of a solvent (as water) and a solute (as table salt).
" A solution requires a solvent and a solute.
" Speed of dissolution increases by stirring and heating.
" The solution is a mixture, in which its components (the solute and solvent) can be separated by physical means.
Examples of solutions:
1- Table salt in water.
2- Sugar in water.
Q1: Give reason:
Salt solution in water is a mixture not a compound.
" Because its components can be separated easily by evaporation.
Q2: What happens in the following cases?
1- Stirring some of chalk powder in a beaker containing water.
" Chalk does not dissolve in water.
2- Exposing a solid surface to evolved water vapour.
" Water vapour is condensed
A: Alkalis:
Properties of alkalis :
1- Alkalis turn the colour of red litmus paper into blue.
2- Dilute solutions of alkalis have the soft feel of soap.
3- Alkalis react with vegetable oils to form soap.
Examples of alkalis:
1- Caustic soda (sodium hydroxide).
2- Caustic potash (potassium hydroxide).
3- Ammonia solution (ammonium hydroxide).
B: Acids:
1- Acids change the colour of blue litmus paper to red.
2- Dilute acids have a sour taste.
3- Acids react with sodium carbonate or sodium bicarbonate and carbon dioxide gas evolves which makes lime water cloudy (turbid).
Examples of Acids:
1- Vinegar (dilute acetic acid).
2- Lemon juice (citric acid)
3- Hydrochloric acid.
4- Nitric acid.
5- Sulphuric acid.
C: Salts:
Salt solutions have neutral effect on red and blue litmus papers.
Examples of salts:
1- Sodium chloride (table salt).
2- Sodium carbonate.
3- Sodium bicarbonate.
4- Calcium carbonate (lime stone - chalk - marble).
Q1: Give reasons:
1- Vinegar changes the colour of blue litmus paper to red.
" Because vinegar is the acetic acid, which changes the blue litmus, paper to red.
1- On adding lemon juice to sodium carbonate, effervescence takes place and lime water becomes milky.
Because carbon dioxide gas evolves.
2- An alkaline solution can be tested using a red litmus paper.
Because the alkalis change the colour of red litmus to blue.
3- An acidic solution can be tested using a blue litmus paper.
Because the acids change the colour of blue litmus paper to red.
4- Carbon dioxide gas can be tested using lime water.
" Because carbon dioxide turns clear lime water to cloudy.
Q2: What happens in the following cases?
1- Adding caustic soda solution to vegetable oil with continuous stirring.
" Soap is formed.
2- If you put two litmus papers, one is red and the other is blue in a beaker containing table salt solution.
" The colour of the two litmus papers does not change.
3- On adding vinegar to a solution of sodium bicarbonate.
" Effervescence takes place and bubbles of carbon dioxide gas evolve.
4- If you put two litmus papers, one is red and the other is blue in a beaker containing caustic potash.
" The colour of red litmus paper changes to blue while the blue paper does not change.
5- On passing carbon dioxide gas in clear lime water.
" Lime water becomes cloudy (milky).
6- If put two litmus papers, one is red and the other is blue in a beaker containing lemon juice.
" The colour of blue litmus paper changes to red while the red one does not change.
Q1) Complete:
1) The alimentary canal associates are .............. , ........... and ...............
- salivary glands - liver - pancreas.
2- Saliva in the mouth changes the .............. substance into the ......... substance.
- starch - sugar
3- Blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to the body are named ........... but the ones that carry it from the body to the heart are named ..........
- arteries - veins
4-
- oxygen - carbon dioxide
5- The body of the living organism consists of small building units called ............
- cells
6- The difference between the plant and animal cells that the plant cell has ........ and ..............
- cellular wall - green plastids.
7- The group of tissues which works together is called ..........
- organ
8- During inhalation the chest cavity ...................
- increase.
9- The starch converts into sugar in the mouth by ...............
- saliva
10- Anklystoma live in the human body in the ...............
- small intestine.
11- The ............... system helps the body to get rid of ........... , uric acid, water and some excess salts.
- urinary - urea
12- The digestive system starts with .............. opening, while the respiratory system starts with ..............
- mouth - nose
13- Oil is broken down into small particles that dissolve in water by ....................
- Bile juice.
14- Air enters the lungs in the .............. process.
- inhalation
15- Urine is transferred from the kidney to the urinary bladder through ..............
- ureter
16- The component of the blood which attacks microbes in the human body is called .............
- white blood cells.
17- Saliva is produced in the ............. by ...........
- mouth cavity - salivary glands.
18- Pharynx is a common path between .......... system and .......... system.
- Digestive - respiratory
19- The bile juice digests ..............
- fats
20- The person infected by anklystoma suffers ...............
- Anaemia
21- The lung contains ............. surrounded by ...........
- Air sacs "Alveoli" - network of blood capillaries.
22- ............ grind food in the mouth, while ........... mix it with saliva.
- teeth - tongue
23- ............... prevents the passgae of food to the respiratory system during swallowing.
- Epiglottis.
24- Large intestines are composed of ..............., ..............., ................ and .......................
- Caecum - colon - rectum - anus
25- The infective stage of Anklystoma is .............. and it lives in ...............
- larva - small intestines.
26- The body gets rid of .............., ...................... and .................. through the excretion process.
- urine - sweat - carbon dioxide - water vapour.
27- The circulatory system in man consists of ............. , .............. and ..............
- Heart - blood - blood vessels.
28- The two main parts of the digestive system are ............ and ..................
- Alimentary canal - Alimentary canal associates.
29- During inhalation the diaphragm ...........
- moves down wards
30- The process of moving the digested food from the small intestines to the blood is called ..............
- Absorption
31- The blood rich in oxygen returns to ............... through .............
- heart - four pulmonary veins
32- The diaphragm moves down ward in the process of ........... and moves upward in the process of .............
- inhalation - exhalation
33- The urinary system is composed of .............., ureters and .............
- two kidney - urinary bladder.
34- The blood platelets help in the ..................
- Blood clotting
35- The heart consists of four chambers which are .............., ......................, ...................... and .................
- left atrium - right atrium - left ventricle - right ventricle.
36- Plant cells have .............. around their cell membrane.
- cell wall.
37- In the lungs, gas exchange takes place through ................
- Alveoli
38- Deoxygenated blood "low in oxygen" is coming from ............. and is entering the right atrium through ..............
- All body cells - vena cava
39- The group of different .............. are forming the human body.
- systems
40- The nucleus is surrounded by a thick fluid material it is called ........
- cytoplasm 41- The diaphragm separates the throax from ..............
- Abdomen
42- Bile breaks down .......... into very small particles which dissolve in water.
- fats "oils 43- Digested food is absorbed in .............. and passes into ...............
- small intestines - blood.
44- Red blood cells carry oxygen from ............. to ..............
- lungs - the cells
45- Salivary glands pour their secretions into ............. while pancreas pour its secretions into ................
- mouth cavity - small intestine.
46- The muscle of ............ plays an improtant role in the mechanism of breathing.
- diaphragm
47- Skin is formed of two layers .............. and ....................
- Epidermis - dermis
48- urine is composed of .............., .................... and ..............
- urea - uric acid - exess dissolved salts.
49- From the functions of the skin, ................ , .............. and ............
- excretion - protection - sensation
50- Exertion a lot of physical activities need more ............. to burn the food in the cells.
- oxygen
